adnan j.r. al-jubouri
"the different types of formal devices that Arabic employs for expressing repetition and achieving rhetorical effect."
"Repetition in Arabic discourse...is realized at several levels...the morphological level, the word level, and the 'chunk' level."
"k-t-b has to do with writing"
"Notice that the repetition of a morphological pattern creates repetition on the phonological level if said aloud, which intensifies the effect of repetition."
"English discourse rules, codified in rhetoric textbooks under 'variety in word choice', encourage writers to avoid repetition of this sort. The converse is true in Arabic."
"They occur in English in a number of frozen, or semi-frozen idiomatic expressions, particularly in legal English where they are known as 'doublets'.
"The consttuents in the word strings of this group are antonyms or near-antonyms. This is an old rhetorical device in Arabic and has been used for centuries in poetry as well as in prose."
"When reiterated through an argument they tend to create an immediate emotional impact."
"Parallelism is a rhetorical as well as text-building device."
"The tendency towards forceful assertion also explains what, in the eye of a Western recipient, appears to be a florid and verbose style of argumentative discourse. Brevity will simply fail to convey the required effect."
Showing posts with label arabic. Show all posts
Showing posts with label arabic. Show all posts
Wednesday, May 27, 2009
Monday, May 25, 2009
a cross-cultural comparison of apologies by native speakers of American English and jordanian arabic
rula fahmi bataineh, ruba fahmi bataineh
"This study investigates the apology strategies used by the speakers of American English and Jordanian Arabic...there were more differences between Jordanian male and female resondents than between American male and female respondents, which may be attributed to the fact that there is a greater similarity between how boys and girls are raised in the US than between how they are raised in Jordan."
apologies
survey taken by undergraduates
"Westerners concentrate more on culpability and Easterners on consequences."
"only Jordanians used strategies such as praising God for what happened, attacking the victim, minimizing the degree of offense, and interjection."
Strategies differed, but not that much.
"This study investigates the apology strategies used by the speakers of American English and Jordanian Arabic...there were more differences between Jordanian male and female resondents than between American male and female respondents, which may be attributed to the fact that there is a greater similarity between how boys and girls are raised in the US than between how they are raised in Jordan."
apologies
survey taken by undergraduates
"Westerners concentrate more on culpability and Easterners on consequences."
"only Jordanians used strategies such as praising God for what happened, attacking the victim, minimizing the degree of offense, and interjection."
Strategies differed, but not that much.
aspects of polite behaviour in French and Syrian service encounters: a data-based comparative study
veronique traverso
2006
conversational routine: highly predictable expressions in specific social situations
ritual acts (related to sociology): "conventionalised act through which an individual portrays his respect and regard for some object of ultimate value." (Goffman)
The script in the service encounter:
Syrian: "may it be blessed" can be used in many situations
"In the Syrian corpus, the request is routinized through the use of even fewer formulas, including indirect devices:
'Is there?' 'have you got?'"
"at your service, willingly (lit. 'on my eye,' 'on my eye and on my head')"
2006
conversational routine: highly predictable expressions in specific social situations
ritual acts (related to sociology): "conventionalised act through which an individual portrays his respect and regard for some object of ultimate value." (Goffman)
The script in the service encounter:
- opening sequence of the encounter
- sequence including the request
- (payment sequence)
- leave-taking sequence
Syrian: "may it be blessed" can be used in many situations
"In the Syrian corpus, the request is routinized through the use of even fewer formulas, including indirect devices:
'Is there?' 'have you got?'"
"at your service, willingly (lit. 'on my eye,' 'on my eye and on my head')"
Sunday, May 24, 2009
Figurative language in anger expressions in tunisian arabic: an extended view of embodiment
zouhair maalej
"...anger in tunisian arabic (TA) shows many more dimensions of embodiemnt than physiological embodiment. Anger in TA comes as physiological embodient, culturally specific embodiment, and culturally tainted embodiment."
"when the conceptualization of an emotion does not come as a rsult of a physical cause-effect relation, the conceptualization and the emotion are not physically close, which gives room for other kinds of embodiemnt."
"American make use of a folk model for the expression of anger governed by the container metaphor."
Kovecses (1995) explained that the model describes 3 submetaphors: "THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS"..."ANGER IS HEAT"...and "EMOTIONS ARE FLUIDS"..."
"Lakoff (1987) argued that the scenario view of anger in American English must have "made sense to hundreds of millions of English speakers over a period of roughly a thousand years" (p. 407), strongly suggesting a universal status for physiology in emotion concepts. Furthermore, Lakoff and Kovecses (1987) claimed that "if we look at the metaphors and metonymics for anger in the lanaguges of the world, we will not find any that contradict the physiological results that they [the Ekman group] found" (p.220 that amounts to a claim for the universality of an anger scenario based on the nervous system and physiology."
"Cognitive linguistics is one of the very few current theories of linguistics to have given a place to the body in the mind, thought, meaning, and reason. This conceptualization of embodiment is inherent in the fact that we have a body."
"However, TA (together with other languages), for instance, includes emotion expressions where the basic-level category capitalized on is a body part that is not actually involved in any physiological change to the body. This kind of embodiment will be labeled culturally specific embodiment...the basic-level category is culture-specific, thus tainting the emotion with a cultural flavor."
TA: "He made my blood half-boil like a half cooked egg."
English: "He made my blood simmer."
TA: He lifted blood up to my head."
Eng: "I was flushed with anger."
TA: "He made my blood steam."
Eng: "I was fuming."
TA: "He half-boiled my brain to me like a half cooked egg."
"the heart is a container for anger."
"My heart is sloshing [with anger[".
"My heart was full of him."
TA: "X is a well without a bottom."
"X is a secretive and uncomplaining person."
"because the allowable amount of anger in the heart is definately smaller than the amount that the body can accomodate. As noted earlier in connection with anger and the heart, people who are said to have big hearts are likely to take in more anger than those who have a small one."
TA: "He swelled my nerves for me." "He made me have nerves." "My nerves escaped form me."
"He left me about to explode." "He exploded my bile to me."
"I found him dancing with two scarves." = "He went into a trance form anger." Rehab said it actually connotes great joy.
"He inflated my testicles." John said it is exactly the same as French.
Maalej ties the broken bones metaphor to cultural experience: the father buys a sheep, children play with it for a few days or even weeks, then it is slaughtered for a religious meal. This causes physical traums for the Tunisian children. Rehab and Asher disagreed that this causes trauma.
"...anger in tunisian arabic (TA) shows many more dimensions of embodiemnt than physiological embodiment. Anger in TA comes as physiological embodient, culturally specific embodiment, and culturally tainted embodiment."
"when the conceptualization of an emotion does not come as a rsult of a physical cause-effect relation, the conceptualization and the emotion are not physically close, which gives room for other kinds of embodiemnt."
"American make use of a folk model for the expression of anger governed by the container metaphor."
Kovecses (1995) explained that the model describes 3 submetaphors: "THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS"..."ANGER IS HEAT"...and "EMOTIONS ARE FLUIDS"..."
"Lakoff (1987) argued that the scenario view of anger in American English must have "made sense to hundreds of millions of English speakers over a period of roughly a thousand years" (p. 407), strongly suggesting a universal status for physiology in emotion concepts. Furthermore, Lakoff and Kovecses (1987) claimed that "if we look at the metaphors and metonymics for anger in the lanaguges of the world, we will not find any that contradict the physiological results that they [the Ekman group] found" (p.220 that amounts to a claim for the universality of an anger scenario based on the nervous system and physiology."
"Cognitive linguistics is one of the very few current theories of linguistics to have given a place to the body in the mind, thought, meaning, and reason. This conceptualization of embodiment is inherent in the fact that we have a body."
"However, TA (together with other languages), for instance, includes emotion expressions where the basic-level category capitalized on is a body part that is not actually involved in any physiological change to the body. This kind of embodiment will be labeled culturally specific embodiment...the basic-level category is culture-specific, thus tainting the emotion with a cultural flavor."
TA: "He made my blood half-boil like a half cooked egg."
English: "He made my blood simmer."
TA: He lifted blood up to my head."
Eng: "I was flushed with anger."
TA: "He made my blood steam."
Eng: "I was fuming."
TA: "He half-boiled my brain to me like a half cooked egg."
"the heart is a container for anger."
"My heart is sloshing [with anger[".
"My heart was full of him."
TA: "X is a well without a bottom."
"X is a secretive and uncomplaining person."
"because the allowable amount of anger in the heart is definately smaller than the amount that the body can accomodate. As noted earlier in connection with anger and the heart, people who are said to have big hearts are likely to take in more anger than those who have a small one."
TA: "He swelled my nerves for me." "He made me have nerves." "My nerves escaped form me."
"He left me about to explode." "He exploded my bile to me."
"I found him dancing with two scarves." = "He went into a trance form anger." Rehab said it actually connotes great joy.
"He inflated my testicles." John said it is exactly the same as French.
Maalej ties the broken bones metaphor to cultural experience: the father buys a sheep, children play with it for a few days or even weeks, then it is slaughtered for a religious meal. This causes physical traums for the Tunisian children. Rehab and Asher disagreed that this causes trauma.
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