defining and differentiating dysgraphia, dyslexia, and language learning disability within a working memory model

by virginia w. berninger
in brain, behavior, an learning in language and reading disorders

"children with dyslexia have selective impairment in phonological awareness, but those with language learning disabilities have selective impairment in phonological, morphological (especially derivational suffixes), and syntactic awareness."

"neither executive function nor working memory is ... fully modular." they interact with each other

orthographic--dysgraphia
orthographic and phonological--dyslexia
orthographic, phonological, and morphological--language learning disability

Emergentism and language impairment in children: its all about change

by julia l. evans

in brain, behavior, an learning in language and reading disorders

"Cognitivism" uses the omputer as a metaphor for the human brain.
"Empiriciam" versus "Nativism": nurture v. nature. Combined view: "interactionist perspective"

Emergentism: the brain is a complex system that may have "radical novelty." It is a coherent integrated whole. Self-organization.


"STudies of typical and atypical lang. development are shifting away from the focus on the static, globally ordered, stage-like patterns in children's language, toward an emergentist view of language development as a flexible, transient, variable phenomenon."